Food Lab

Bone Fractures

There are fourteen ways that you can break and fracture a bone. Some are very simple breaks while others are very complex and actually break through the skin. The following are all the different fractures and breaks.


Non-displaced: bone ends retains normal position. Another words, the bone cracks but it still remains in its place.

Displaced: bone ends are out of normal alignment. 

Complete: bone is broken all the way through

Incomplete: Bone is not broken all the way through

Linear: the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone

Transverse: The fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

Compound (open)- bone ends penetrate skin

Simple (closed): bone ends do not penetrate the skin

Comminuted: bone fragments into three or more pieces; common in elderly

Spiral: ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury

Depressed: broken bone portion pressed inward; typical skull fracture

Compression: bone is crushed; common in porous bones

Epiphyseal: epipysis seperates from diaphysis along epipyseal line; occurs where cartilage cells are dying

Greenstick: incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends; common in children

Tissue Engineering

http://www.pbs.org/saf/1107/features/body.htm

This website above has information containing the future plans that scientists and researchers plan. It involves tissue engineering that does not recquire the controversial use of embryonic stem cells. This kind of tissue engineering is all natural.

Tissue engineering. What is it? Engineers, reseachers, and scientists are working together to creat a new kind of future. Tissue engineering is imitating life. These scientists first goal is to get cells to proliferate. By doing this they have to look at many specific things, for example, they look at the environment in which the cell grows and the physical environment of the cell as well. One experiment they have done included a hairless mouse in which the scientists grew an ear on top of it.

Some other experiments that have been tried is a bioreactor cultivating cartliage, heart valves, and blood vessels, and a bioreactor that keeps the cells in perpetual free fall.
With this kind of tissue engineering, people that need a new heart, better kidneys, or some other kind of organ will no longer have to wait. Tissue engineering will revolutionize transplant medicine.

Tissues

Epithelial Tissue Organizational Types

There are eight different types of epithelial tissues. They include simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratifled columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, and transitional. 

Simple Squamous

Simple Quarmos is a single layer of flattened cells with disc shaped nuclei and sparse cytoplasm.

Functions: Diffusion and filteration- provide a slick friction reducing lining in lymphatic and cardiovascular systems. 


Examples: kidney, glomeruli, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, serosae. 

Simple Cuboidal

Simple Cuboidal epithelium is a single layer 

single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei: many contain cilia

Goblet cells are often found in this layer
function in absorption and secretion
nonciliateted type line digestive tract and gallbladder
ciliated type line small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
cilia help move substances through internal passageways


Function: absorption: secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances

Simple Columnar

single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei: many contain cili
-goblet cells are often found in this layer
-function in absorption and secretion
-nonciliated type line digestive tract and gallbladder
-ciliated type line small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
cilia help move substances through internal passageways
Function: absorption: secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the free surface
nuclei are seen at different layers
function in secretion and propulsion of mucus
present in the male sperm carrying ducts (nonciliated) and trachea (ciliated)
Function: secrection: particularly of mucus by ciliary action

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Thick membrane composed of several layers of cells
Function in protection of underlying areas subjected to abrasion
Forms the external part of the skin's epidermis (kertinized cells) and linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina (nonkeratinized cells)

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

Stratified Cuboidal and Columnar

quite rare in the body

-found in some sweat and mammary glands
-typically two cell layers thick

Stratified Columnar

limited distribution in the body
-found in the the pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts
-also occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia

Transitional

several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal, surface cells are dome shaped.
-stretches to permit the distention of the urinary bladder
-lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra
Function: stretches readily and permits distention of urinary organ by contained urine